Hvorfor opstår de?
Krympning er en naturlig del af sprøjtestøbningsprocessen. Krympning opstår, fordi
polymerens massefylde varierer fra forarbejdningstemperaturen til den omgivende temperatur
(se specifik volumen (pvT-diagram)). Under sprøjtestøbning skaber variationen i krympning både globalt og gennem et emnes tværsnit indre spændinger. Disse såkaldte restspændinger (se Restspændinger) virker på en del med effekter, der ligner eksternt påførte spændinger. Hvis de restspændinger, der opstår under støbningen, er høje
nok til at overvinde delens strukturelle integritet, vil delen vride sig ved udstødning
fra formen eller revne med ekstern servicebelastning.
Krympning
The shrinkage of molded plastic parts can be as much as 20 percent by volume, when measured at the processing temperature and the ambient temperature. Crystalline and semi-crystalline materials are particularly prone to thermal shrinkage; amorphous materials tend to shrink less. When crystalline materials are cooled below their transition temperature, the molecules arrange themselves in a more orderly way, forming crystallites. On the other hand, the microstructure of amorphous materials does not change with the phase change. This difference leads to crystalline and semi-crystalline materials having a greater difference in specific volume ( ) between their melt phase and solid (crystalline) phase. This is illustrated in Figure 1 below. We’d like to point out that the cooling rate also affects the fast-cooling pvT behavior of crystalline and semi-crystalline materials.
FIGUR 1. PvT-kurverne for amorfe og krystallinske polymerer og den specifikke volumenvariation mellem behandlingstilstanden (punkt A) og tilstanden ved stuetemperatur og atmosfærisk tryk (punkt B). Bemærk, at det specifikke volumen falder, når trykket stiger.
Årsager til overdreven krympning af dele
Overdreven krympning ud over det acceptable niveau kan skyldes følgende faktorer. Forholdet mellem krympning og flere forarbejdningsparametre og emnetykkelse er skematisk vist i figur 2.
– low injection pressure
– short pack-hold time or cooling time
– high melt temperature
– high mold temperature
– low holding pressure.
Problemer forårsaget af delkrympning
Uncompensated volumetric contraction leads to either sink marks or voids in the molding interior. Controlling part shrinkage is important in part, mold, and process designs, particularly in applications requiring tight tolerances. Shrinkage that leads to sink marks or voids can be reduced or eliminated by packing the cavity after filling. Also, the mold design should take shrinkage into account in order to conform to the part dimension. Part shrinkage predicted by C-MOLD offers a useful guideline for proper mold design.